articles Ratings /ratings/en/research/articles/190402-inside-global-abcp-moderate-growth-expected-for-the-u-s-and-emea-despite-market-uncertainties-10923365 content esgSubNav
In This List
COMMENTS

Inside Global ABCP: Moderate Growth Expected For The U.S. And EMEA Despite Market Uncertainties

COMMENTS

S&P Global Ratings Definitions

COMMENTS

Weekly European CLO Update

COMMENTS

Blockchain Meets Covered Bonds

COMMENTS

U.K. Legacy RMBS Arrears To Be Higher For Longer


Inside Global ABCP: Moderate Growth Expected For The U.S. And EMEA Despite Market Uncertainties

As U.S. sponsors expand their current asset portfolios and prime institutional money-market funds return to the ABCP market, we expect U.S. ABCP outstanding to grow moderately to between $255 billion-$260 billion in 2019. In EMEA, we expect issuance volumes to likely gain momentum once there is greater clarity on Brexit and regulations related to securitization.

Although traditional assets account for most of the funding commitments in the U.S., we expect recent shifts in investor preferences into nontraditional assets such as servicer advances, contract payment rights, marketplace loans, and wireless handset devices to continue. Generally, the credit quality of collateral backing ABCP has been stable and has performed in tandem with collateral backing term asset-backed securities (ABS). Macroeconomic factors, such as GDP growth, low unemployment rates, and consumer loan growth, have similarly affected both markets.

In EMEA and Japan, funding commitments remain predominantly concentrated in traditional assets with low maturity mismatch, such as autos and trade receivables. While the U.K., Italy, Germany, and France account for over 60% of total asset portfolios in EMEA, we have observed some renewed interest from investors to fund assets domiciled in Asia.

Globally, the top 10 sponsors accounted for almost three-fourths of all S&P Global Ratings-rated ABCP outstanding as of December 2018.

U.S.: Moderate Issuance Growth, Greater Appetite For Nontraditional Assets

Dev Vithani, New York, (1) 212-438-1714; dev.vithani@spglobal.com 

Ildiko Szilank, New York, (1) 212-438-2614; ildiko.szilank@spglobal.com 

For U.S. ABCP in 2019, we expect a slight increase in volume, stable-to-slightly deteriorating credit performance of the underlying assets, and stable ratings. According to the Federal Reserve, U.S. ABCP outstanding grew approximately 5.8% to $253.5 billion as of year-end 2018, from $239.5 billion at year-end 2017, and we expect it to increase somewhat to between $255 billion-$260 billion in 2019. Similarly, U.S. ABCP outstanding rated by S&P Global Ratings indicates steady growth, with a 10.4% increase from a 2016 low of $191.9 billion to $211.8 billion as of December 2018.

In 2019, U.S. ABCP sponsors are likely to keep expanding their current asset portfolios and corresponding ABCP issuance. We have observed a growing trend of sponsors diversifying collateral away from staple assets, such as auto loans and leases, credit cards, and trade receivables. Today's investors are more receptive to the inclusion of nontraditional asset classes, such as servicer advances, contract payment rights, marketplace loans, and wireless handset devices.

We believe that short-term financing options, including ABCP, will become increasingly attractive for U.S sponsors if rates rise, the yield curve steepens, and spreads widen. We've also observed growing demand from prime institutional money-market funds, which are returning to invest in the ABCP market after their ABCP investment fell drastically leading up to and following money-market reform in 2016. Because of growing demand, funds have increased their holdings in outstanding ABCP to over 20% in 2018, from a mere 5% during the money-market reform period. In addition, the ABCP investor base has benefited from significant diversification over the past two years, including non-2a7 funds, private and government funds, and corporate investors.

S&P Global Ratings rated four new programs in 2018

The total S&P Global Ratings-rated ABCP outstanding in the U.S. from 2014-2018 has remained relatively steady between $191.9 billion and $216.5 billion (see chart 1). Of the $211.8 billion outstanding in 2018, approximately 79% has a short-term 'A-1' rating, while 21% is rated 'A-1+'.

The three largest sponsors, Citibank, JP Morgan, and Royal Bank of Canada, dominate the partially supported U.S. ABCP market, with eight programs, and make up 29% of the total S&P Global Ratings-rated U.S. ABCP market. The remaining 36 programs in the U.S. are fully supported by 20 sponsors and total about $150 billion, or 71% of the S&P Global Ratings-rated U.S. ABCP market.

In 2018, we rated four new programs, three of which we rated in the fourth quarter: Sheffield Receivables Co. LLC, sponsored by Barclays Bank PLC; Collateralized Commercial Paper FLEX Co. LLC, sponsored by J.P Morgan Chase Bank N.A.; and Salisbury Receivables Co. LLC and Sunderland Receivables S.A., both sponsored by Barclays Bank PLC. Also in mid-2018, we withdrew our ratings on White Point Funding, sponsored by Royal Bank of Canada.

Chart 1

image

U.S. dollar-denominated issuances continue to account for most of the ABCP outstanding

U.S. dollar-denominated ABCP issuances in 2018 continued to account for the majority of the ABCP outstanding in the U.S., with 98% denominated in U.S dollars, while the rest of the issuances were denominated in euros and British pound sterling (see chart 2).

Chart 2

image

Key trends in asset composition and credit risk

We consider credit risk an important factor in partially supported programs, which rely on the sponsors to provide liquidity, but the underlying assets cover the credit risk, typically in the form of credit enhancement. As of December 2018, traditional assets--such as auto loans and leases, credit cards, student loans, consumer loans, and equipment loans and leases--made up about 79% of collateral in partially supported programs (see Appendix 2a).

Chart 3

image

Chart 4

image

Auto loans and leases remain dominant assets

Auto loans and leases account for 50% of the collateral in partially supported programs and 25% of all ABCP conduit portfolios (see charts 3 and 4). These assets remain dominant staples and serve as vital alternative funding sources for large auto issuers. We expect this trend to continue as auto loan term ABS issuance in 2019 is projected to grow to $86 billion, even as auto sales are expected to slightly decline this year. Collateral performance in auto loan term ABS started off strong in January 2019 compared to January 2018. Prime losses declined to 0.73%, due to tightening of credit standards and improved collateral mix. In addition, subprime losses decreased to 9.58% due to lower losses on Santander's two transactions. We project that credit quality for the rest of the year will remain stable in both sectors. We also expect investment-grade ratings on auto term ABS to remain stable, though speculative-grade ratings in the subprime sector could be vulnerable to downgrade. For auto lease term ABS, we expect $18 billion in volume, and we expect performance and ratings to remain stable in 2019.

Credit cards remain staple assets despite representing a smaller percentage of conduit portfolios

Credit cards make up 9% of the collateral in partially supported commercial paper programs and 4% of the total commercial paper market (see charts 3 and 4). We anticipate ABS term credit card issuance to remain stable at around $30-$40 billion. Bank credit card term ABS exhibits continued strong credit performance with losses at approximately 2.5% and payment rates in the high 20% range. We have observed a slight weakening in the credit quality of retail cards, and we expect losses to increase to 6%-7% from about 5% as the retail sector softens. Overall, we expect credit card term ABS ratings to remain stable.

Student loans also represent a small percentage of the overall conduit portfolio

Student loans comprise 11% of the collateral in partially supported commercial paper programs and 4% of the total commercial paper market (see charts 3 and 4). In 2019, we expect student loan term ABS issuance to reach $20 billion, driven by private student loans and continued interest in refinance student loan products. Overall, we expect student loan term ABS credit quality and ratings to remain stable in 2019.

Consumer loans and mobile handsets hold investor interest

Consumer assets--including personal loans and mobile handsets, among others--comprise 6% of the collateral in partially supported programs and make up about 5% of the total assets funded through commercial paper (see charts 3 and 4). There is growing interest in these newer asset types because these conduit transactions can test investor appetite for the assets before they are potentially included in term ABS issuance. We expect personal loan term ABS volume to continue growing with $10 billion-$15 billion in 2019, losses in the 8%-10% range as the credit cycle reaches maturity, and stable ratings.

Trade receivables remain vital staple assets to finance working capital needs

Trade receivables make up only 4% of the partially supported programs, but they are the second-largest staple asset at 8% of the invested amount in the total ABCP market (see charts 3 and 4). Trade receivables are typically revolving, short-term assets and used for capital-market funding for middle-market clients' working capital needs.

Nontraditional assets overshadow traditional as investor preferences shift

Nontraditional assets make up 29% of the total commercial paper market but only comprise about 7% of the partially supported programs (see charts 3 and 4). We have observed an increasing appetite for these assets, which include servicer advances and contract payment rights. We believe that these assets subject the collateral pool to higher credit risk, which is mitigated by sponsors who typically cover both the liquidity and credit risk in fully supported programs.

Investor tastes also shift to commercial assets

Commercial assets make up 18% of the total commercial paper market and comprise 10% of the partially supported programs (see charts 3 and 4). We have observed an increase in investor interest for these types of assets, which include commercial loans and leases, floorplan, fleet lease, railcar, and container, among others. We expect stable credit trends for nondiversified dealer floorplan term ABS for 2019, as auto manufacturers continue to support their dealer bases; this support is one of the driving factors of near-zero loss performance typically exhibited by nondiversified dealer floorplan ABS trusts. We project that credit quality in fleet lease term ABS will remain stable as the sector also experiences near-zero loss levels due to commercial obligors' strong credit quality and the critical nature of fleet vehicles to corporate lessees' operations, among others.

EMEA: Steady Issuance Despite Market Uncertainties

Matthew S Mitchell, CFA, London, (44) 20-7176-8581; matthew.mitchell@spglobal.com 

Florent Stiel, Paris, (33) 1-4420-6690; florent.stiel@spglobal.com 

The total S&P Global Ratings-rated ABCP outstanding for 2018 from conduits domiciled in EMEA remained in line with the high levels in 2017. Total issuance volumes increased over 30% from the lows in 2014, with a sharp uptick specifically in 2017. In 2018, improved volumes held steady for the second straight year, after the steep post-crisis decline.

On the regulatory front, securitizations, including ABCP conduits, must comply with the new EU regulation from Jan. 1, 2019. The regulations introduce preferential treatment for simple, transparent, and standardized (STS) securitizations, in addition to a revamp of risk retention, investor due diligence, and disclosures, which apply to all securitizations. Uncertainties on these regulations and teething problems with implementation has slowed issuances for term securitizations in early 2019. Consequently, should ABCP programs fund assets via subscription to notes issued under term securitizations, we expect issuance volumes for ABCP conduits in EMEA to be affected during the first half of the year. On the other hand, as central banks' cheaper funding and asset purchases wind down, term securitization volumes could potentially gain momentum during the year if bank issuers tap the debt market. This could indirectly boost ABCP issuance volumes as well over the year if the issuances fund assets by subscribing to notes issued under term securitizations. Nonetheless, the extent to which bank issuers tap the debt market and reduce any new funding via the recently announced new series of long-term refinancing operations (TLTRO-III) would depend on this program's terms, compared to those from similar programs announced in the past.

Some ABCP conduits domiciled in the EU have U.K.-based financial institutions in different transaction roles. In the event of a no-deal Brexit, we understand that performance of these parties in roles such as bank account and liquidity providers would not be affected because these are typically not considered regulated activities. We also understand that existing cross-border derivative contracts will generally remain valid and enforceable and that the loss of passporting rights should not prevent counterparties from making payments under these contracts. Further, the European Securities and Markets Authority recently agreed to recognize three U.K. clearinghouses in a no-deal Brexit scenario, effective the date following Brexit day, which alleviates concerns around servicing these contracts. As such, we do not anticipate performance issues under existing cross-border derivative contracts and expect our ratings on ABCP conduits domiciled in EMEA to be largely unaffected. Nonetheless, we will continue to monitor any impact on our ratings on the conduits due to Brexit.

S&P Global Ratings rated two new programs in the second-half of 2018

Total ABCP outstanding in EMEA was buoyant at $96 billion as of December 2018. Overall volumes remained steady for the second straight year after rising 31.9% in December 2017 from the December-2014 low of $72.9 billion (see chart 5). In July 2018, we rated two new single-seller programs: Longship Funding DAC, sponsored by Northcross Capital Management Ltd., which funds investment contracts with Nordea Bank AB as series counterparty; and Glencove Funding DAC, also sponsored by Northcross Capital Management Ltd., which funds investment contracts with JP Morgan Chase Bank N.A., JP Morgan Securities PLC, and JP Morgan Securities LLC. At the same time, we withdrew our ratings on F.T.A. Santander 2, which wound down in December 2018.

Growing global interest in ABCP-based funding supported a 2% improvement in committed funding amounts in 2018, even as the total ABCP outstanding remained largely unchanged. We expect utilization rates to potentially improve during the year as market momentum rebounds with greater clarity over regulatory changes and Brexit.

Chart 5

image

U.S. dollar-denominated issuances regain momentum by end of 2018

U.S. dollar-, euro-, and British pound sterling-denominated ABCP issuances continued to account for more than 99% of the ABCP issued by European conduits. As the market revived in 2017, growth was more pronounced in ABCP denominated in euros and British pound sterling. Their market shares improved as well, due to a comparatively slower growth in U.S. dollar-denominated issuances. In 2018, however, this trend reversed. U.S. dollar-denominated issuances rebounded to regain a market share close to 60%, last observed prior to 2016. Meanwhile, issuances denominated in euros and British pound sterling declined, likely due to the prevailing market uncertainties (see chart 6).

Chart 6

image

The two new programs we rated in the second half of 2018 are single-seller conduits. Given this, the total ABCP outstanding funded by single-seller programs climbed 1% over 2017. Similarly the share of 'A-1' and 'A-1+' rated programs improved because of the issuances from the two new conduits. All issuance from conduits domiciled in EMEA are currently fully supported by liquidity. Further, our ABCP ratings are weak-linked to the issuer credit ratings on the liquidity provider, or in the case of conduits funding investment contracts, the minimum issuer credit rating on the series counterparties.

Traditional asset types continue to dominate investments

Total asset investments in EMEA increased about 3.4% over 2017, with rises for trade receivables, commercial assets, and mortgages, offset by some decline in autos (see chart 7). Both the new conduits we rated in the second half of 2018 funded investment contracts such as repurchase agreements, total return swaps, and securities lending agreements, which improved investments in commercial assets. Although we observed a marginal increase in investments in mortgages facilities, total investment volumes remained well below their pre-crisis share of about 20% of all asset investments. There were no investments in collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and collateralized loan obligations (CLOs), which comprised over a fifth of all funding before the crisis. Overall, traditional assets such as trade receivables and autos continued to account for almost two-thirds of total asset investments.

Chart 7

image

Of all assets, 80% continued to be originated from various regions within EMEA, with over 60% domiciled in the U.K., Italy, France, and Germany. On average, about 30% of all assets have been originated in the U.K. over the past four years. Assets originated in the U.S. stayed steady since 2017 at 8%. We observed some growth in assets originated from Korea, Latvia, Poland, and Switzerland, although these regions together formed only about 2% of the total.

Australia: Programs Continue To Wind Down

Justin Rockman, Melbourne, (61) 3-9631-2183; justin.rockman@spglobal.com  

Total ABCP outstanding in December 2018 decreased approximately 11.7% to A$400 million from A$453 million a year earlier, continuing the trend of program sponsors winding down ABCP programs (see chart 8). Total liquidity backing ABCP programs decreased to A$400 million in December from A$612 million in December 2017. We have withdrawn the ABCP ratings over time at the issuer's request.

Chart 8

image

Until 2014, about 80% of all issuances was denominated in Australian dollars, and another 12%-18% was denominated in U.S. dollars. However, U.S. dollar-denominated issuances contracted significantly thereafter, with no market presence since then (see chart 9).

Chart 9

image

Currently there are two ABCP programs outstanding. Waratah Securities Australia Ltd. and Sydney Capital Corp. Inc. are partially supported multi-seller programs rated 'A-1+', which issue in both the Australian and U.S markets and have a callable note program. Liberty Sirius Series is an 'A-1' rated single-seller program established to fund residential mortgage loans, originated by an Australian nonbank lender. The ratings on both programs are linked to the liquidity and credit facility providers.

Investments are concentrated in residential mortgages

Because Waratah Securities Australia Ltd. and Sydney Capital Corp. are not actively issuing, residential mortgages make up most of the assets underlying ABCP programs, accounting for 98.6% of the Australian ABCP market, with a small proportion held in cash temporarily due to the sale of underlying assets from one of the programs (see chart 10). Compared to other regions, high investments in residential mortgages, which are characterized by longer maturities, have occurred because of the active conduits' program objectives as explained above.

Chart 10

image

Our expectation is for moderate growth in the Australian economy. Risks in the Australian property market are more elevated than they were 12 months ago since property prices in Australia have declined from their record highs. This is largely in response to the tightening in lending standards and macro-prudential measures implemented by regulators, which have restricted some borrowers' access to credit.

Japan: Issuance Volumes Low But Largely Stable Since 2016

Toshiaki Shimizu, Tokyo, (81) 3-4550-8302; toshiaki.shimizu@spglobal.com 

ABCP is a traditional form of securitization in Japan. Currently there are two ABCP programs outstanding, which were established by AOI Funding Corp. and Apex Funding Corp. Both conduits are multi-seller programs fully supported by Japanese banks--The Shizuoka Bank Ltd. and MUFG Bank Ltd.--based on the liquidity and credit facility agreement. Therefore, the ratings on both programs are linked to our short-term credit ratings on the banks. These conduits are set up to finance their acquisition of assets such as trade receivables by issuing yen-denominated ABCP. There have been no specific changes since 2012. Currently, there are no scheduled legal or regulatory changes that would impact ABCP issuances in the Japanese market.

In 2009, there were four ABCP programs in Japan. We withdrew our ratings on two programs in 2012 following their closure and upon the transaction related party's request (see chart 11).

Chart 11

image

Total ABCP outstanding in December 2018 improved 3.5% to ¥229.04 billion after declining for the past three years. However, issuance volumes continue to remain well below historical highs. Utilization rates in Japan have been low, compared to global trends, likely because of the current lending environment and availability of credit. To date, all issuances by Japanese conduits have been denominated only in Japanese Yen.

Global Top 10 Sponsors

Globally, as of December 2018, the top 10 sponsors are largely concentrated in the U.S. and EMEA, forming about 72.6% of the S&P Global Ratings-rated ABCP issuances outstanding in these two regions. The top three sponsors hold about a third of the total issuance volumes in the U.S. and EMEA (see table 1).

Table 1

Global Top 10 Sponsors Based On ABCP Outstanding As Of December 2018
Dec-18
Sponsor/administrator Program Region Mil. USD % of S&P Global Ratings-rated U.S. and EMEA conduits
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. Multiple see below 42,708 13.87
Chariot Funding LLC U.S. 17,694
Collateralized Commercial Paper II Co. LLC U.S. 7,816
Jupiter Securitization Co. LLC U.S. 7,261
Collateralized Commercial Paper Co. LLC U.S. 6,578
Collateralized Commercial Paper III Co. LLC U.S. 3,360
Collateralized Commercial Paper Flex Co. LLC U.S. -
Guggenheim Treasury Services, LLC Multiple see below 30,914 10.04
Crown Point Capital Co. LLC U.S. 9,783
Ridgefield Funding Co. LLC (Series A) U.S. 6,097
Bennington Stark Capital Co. LLC U.S. 4,503
Concord Minutemen Capital Co. LLC U.S. 3,896
Lexington Parker Capital Co. LLC U.S. 3,345
Cedar Springs Capital Co. LLC U.S. 1,298
White Plains Capital Company, LLC U.S. 606
Legacy Capital Co. LLC U.S. 559
Ridgefield Funding Co. LLC (Series B) U.S. 508
Great Bridge Capital Company, LLC U.S. 318
Credit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank Multiple see below 30,591 9.94
Atlantic Asset Securitization LLC U.S. 9,457
La Fayette Asset Securitization LLC U.S. 2,233
LMA S.A./LMA Americas LLC EMEA 18,900
Royal Bank of Canada Multiple see below 30,587 9.94
Bedford Row Funding Corp - Standard U.S. 12,274
Old Line Funding LLC U.S. 10,942
Thunder Bay Funding LLC U.S. 7,370
Citibank N.A. New York, NY Multiple see below 18,763 6.09
CRC Funding LLC U.S. 5,636
CAFCO LLC U.S. 5,524
Charta LLC U.S. 5,217
Ciesco LLC U.S. 2,386
Societe Generale Multiple see below 16,737 5.44
Barton Capital LLC U.S. 6,865
Antalis S.A. EMEA 9,871
Bank of Tokyo--MUFJ Bank Ltd.New York Branch/MUFG Bank, Ltd. Multiple see below 16,427 5.34
Gotham Funding Corp. U.S. 6,658
Victory Receivables Corp. U.S. 6,441
Albion Capital Corporation S.A. EMEA 3,329
BNP Paribas Multiple see below 14,835 4.82
Starbird Funding Corp. U.S. 4,289
Matchpoint Finance PLC EMEA 10,546
FMS Wertmanagement Anstalt des oeffentlichen Rechts Kells Funding, LLC U.S. 10,921 3.55
BSN Holdings Ltd./BSN Capital Partners Ltd. Multiple see below 10,903 3.54
Chesham Finance Ltd. EMEA 2,805
Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series I) EMEA 100
Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series II) EMEA 979
Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series III) EMEA 1,843
Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series IV) EMEA 600
Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series V) EMEA 661
Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series VI) EMEA 728
Halkin Finance PLC EMEA 1,613
Ebury Finance Ltd. EMEA 1,574
Total (Top 10) 223,386 72.56

In the U.S, the top five sponsors of outstanding ABCP issuances accounted for 64.2% of the total ABCP outstanding as of December 2018 (see Appendix 1a). Three of the top five sponsors, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank N.A., Royal Bank of Canada, and Citibank N.A., accounted for about 29.3% of the total ABCP outstanding in eight partially supported conduits as of December 2018 (see Appendix 1a). The top five liquidity providers provided a combined commitment of approximately $197.1 billion, or 60.2%, of the $327.5 billion support available in the S&P Global Ratings-rated U.S. ABCP market.

In EMEA, the top 10 sponsors of the outstanding ABCP issuances accounted for 88.3% of the total ABCP outstanding as of December 2018 (see Appendix 1b). The top 10 liquidity providers provided a combined commitment of approximately $112.6 billion, or 80.2%, of the $140.5 billion support available in the S&P Global Ratings-rated EMEA ABCP market.

Related Research

Appendix

Appendix 1a

U.S.: ABCP Outstanding By Currency And Capacity Utilization By Conduit As Of December 2018
Sponsor/administrator Program USD EUR GBP Others Total ABCP outstanding (mil. USD) (i) Total ABCP outstanding (% of total) Committed funding amounts (mil. USD) Capacity utilization (%)

LF provider/eligibility criteria

JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. Multiple see below 42,708 20.16
Chariot Funding LLC 17,694 - - - 17,694 22,928 77.2

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.

Collateralized Commercial Paper Co. LLC 6,578 - - - 6,578 - -

JPMorgan Securities LLC

Collateralized Commercial Paper II Co. LLC 7,816 - - - 7,816 - -

JPMorgan Securities LLC

Collateralized Commercial Paper III Co. LLC 432 1,650 1,278 - 3,360 - -

JPMorgan Securities LLC

Collateralized Commercial Paper Flex Co. LLC - - - - - - -

JPMorgan Securities LLC

Jupiter Securitization Co. LLC 7,261 - - - 7,261 11,204 64.8

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.

Guggenheim Treasury Services, LLC Multiple see below 30,914 14.60
Bennington Stark Capital Co. LLC 4,503 - - - 4,503 4,486 100.4

Societe Generale

Cedar Springs Capital Co. LLC 1,298 - - - 1,298 16,737 7.8 Multiple support providers with a minimum A/A-1 rating
Concord Minutemen Capital Co. LLC 3,896 - - - 3,896 15,250 25.5

BNP Paribas

Credit Suisse AG

Bank of Novia Scotia

Crown Point Capital Co. LLC 9,783 - - - 9,783 8,606 113.7

Credit Suisse AG

Great Bridge Capital Company, LLC 318 - - - 318 316 100.6

Standard Chartered Bank

Legacy Capital Co. LLC 559 - - - 559 558 100.3

Macquarie Bank Ltd.

Lexington Parker Capital Co. LLC 3,345 - - - 3,345 3,013 111.0

Natixis S.A.

Credit Suisse AG

Ridgefield Funding Co. LLC (Series A) 6,097 - - - 6,097 6,052 100.7

BNP Paribas

Ridgefield Funding Co. LLC (Series B) 508 - - - 508 504 100.7

Societe Generale

White Plains Capital Company, LLC 606 - - - 606 602 100.7

Nomura Securities Co. Ltd.

Royal Bank of Canada Multiple see below 30,587 14.44
Bedford Row Funding Corp 12,274 - - - 12,274 15,000 81.8

Royal Bank of Canada

Old Line Funding LLC 10,942 - - - 10,942 15,305 71.5

Royal Bank of Canada

Thunder Bay Funding LLC 7,370 - - - 7,370 10,632 69.3

Royal Bank of Canada

Citibank N.A. New York, NY Multiple see below 18,763 8.86
CAFCO LLC 5,524 - - - 5,524 8,751 63.1

Citibank N.A.

CRC Funding LLC 5,636 - - - 5,636 8,722 64.6

Citibank N.A.

Charta LLC 5,217 - - - 5,217 8,063 64.7

Citibank N.A.

Ciesco LLC 2,386 - - - 2,386 6,957 34.3

Citibank N.A.

Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd., New York branch Multiple see below 13,098 6.18
Victory Receivables Corp. 6,441 - - - 6,441 11,332 56.8

The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd.

Gotham Funding Corp. 6,658 - - - 6,658 11,812 56.4

The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd.

Credit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank Multiple see below 11,691 5.52
La Fayette Asset Securitization LLC 2,233 - - - 2,233 3,377 66.1

Credit Agricole CIB

Atlantic Asset Securitization LLC 9,457 - - - 9,457 12,892 73.4

Credit Agricole CIB

FMS Wertmanagement Anstalt des oeffentlichen Rechts Kells Funding, LLC 10,921 - - - 10,921 5.16 10,746 101.6

FMS Wertmanagement Anstalt des oeffentlichen Rechts

Barclays Bank PLC Multiple see below 8,833 4.17
Salisbury Receivables Company LLC 200 - - - 200 4,387 4.6

Barclays Bank PLC

Sheffield Receivables Company LLC 7,393 768 472 - 8,633 18,734 46.1

Barclays Bank PLC

Sunderland Receivables S.A. - - - - - - -

Barclays Bank PLC

Societe Generale Barton Capital LLC 6,865 - - - 6,865 3.24 12,526 54.8

Societe Generale

Bank of Nova Scotia Liberty Street Funding LLC 6,274 - - - 6,274 2.96 10,899 57.6

Bank of Nova Scotia

Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp. Manhattan Asset Funding Co. LLC 6,136 - - - 6,136 2.90 8,845 69.4

SMBC

Credit Suisse AG Alpine Securitization LTD 5,550 - - - 5,550 2.62 17,831 31.1

Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch

BNP Paribas Starbird Funding Corp. 4,289 - - - 4,289 2.03 7,763 55.3

BNP Paribas

Bank of Montreal Fairway Finance Co. LLC 3,731 - - - 3,731 1.76 5,763 64.7

Bank of Montreal

Natixis Financial Products Inc. Versailles Commercial Paper LLC 3,169 - - - 3,169 1.50 5,188 61.1

Natixis Financial Products LLC

Cantor Fitzgerald, L.P. Institutional Secured Funding (Jersey) Limited 2,334 - - - 2,334 1.10 - -

BNP Paribas

Macquarie Bank Limited

Societe Generale

20 Gates Management LLC MountCliff Funding LLC 2,078 - - - 2,078 0.98 2,918 71.2

BNP Paribas

Credit Suisse AG

Societe Generale

Natixis Financial Products LLC
Berkadia Commercial Mortgage LLC Welsh Road Funding LLC 1,472 - - - 1,472 0.69 - -

Berkshire Hathaway Inc.

DZ BANK AG Deutsche Zentral-Genossenschaftsbank Autobahn Funding Co. LLC 1,247 - - - 1,247 0.59 1,787 69.8

DZ Bank AG

Cooperative Association of Tractor Dealers Inc. DCAT, LLC 1,147 - - - 1,147 0.54 1,147 100.0

Caterpillar Financial Services Corp.

Bunge Limited Bunge Asset Funding Corp. - - - - - 0.00 - - Multiple support providers with a minimum A/A-1 rating
Total 207,639 2,418 1,751 - 211,807 100.00 311,633
(i)Total ABCP outstanding may be either the face amount or discounted value based on the reporting. ABCP--Asset-backed commercial paper. USD--U.S. dollars. EUR--Euro. GBP--British pound sterling.

Appendix 1b

EMEA: ABCP Outstanding By Currency And Capacity Utilization By Conduit As Of December 2018
Sponsor/administrator Program USD EUR GBP Others Total ABCP outstanding (mil. USD)(iii) Total ABCP outstanding (% of total) Committed funding amounts (mil. USD) Capacity utilization (%)

LF provider/eligibility criteria

Credit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank LMA S.A./LMA Americas LLC 10,608 5,443 2,611 238 18,900 19.68 23,028 82.1

Credit Agricole CIB

BSN Holdings Ltd./BSN Capital Partners Ltd. Multiple see below 10,903 11.35
Chesham Finance Ltd. 2,322 192 249 43 2,805 2,806 100.0 Multiple support providers with a minimum A/A-1 rating
Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series I) 100 - - - 100 100 99.6

ING Bank N.V.

Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series II) 419 350 207 4 979 982 99.8

Bank of China Ltd. (Luxembourg Branch)

Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series III) 899 405 528 11 1,843 1,844 99.9

Societe Generale

Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series IV) 600 - - - 600 600 99.9

HSBC Bank PLC

Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series V) 661 - - - 661 661 99.9

Mizuho Securities USA LLC

Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series VI) 728 - - - 728 728 99.9

JPMorgan Securities PLC

Halkin Finance PLC 1,509 77 - 27 1,613 1,614 100.0 Multiple support providers with a minimum A/A-1 rating
Ebury Finance Ltd. 1,390 156 - 28 1,574 1,576 99.9 Multiple support providers with a minimum A/A-1 rating
BNP Paribas Matchpoint Finance PLC 2,558 6,812 1,177 - 10,546 10.98 12,712 83.0

BNP Paribas S.A.

Societe Generale Antalis S.A. 4,227 4,955 659 29 9,871 10.28 11,831 83.4

Societe Generale

Northcross Capital Management Ltd. Multiple see below 8,583 8.94
Anglesea Funding PLC 6,745 - - 5 6,750 6,742 100.1 Multiple support providers with a minimum A/A-1 rating
Glencove Funding DAC 583 - - - 583 579 100.7

JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.

JPMorgan Securities PLC

JP Morgan Securities LLC

Longship Funding DAC 1,136 114 - - 1,250 1,259 99.3

Nordea Bank AB

Intesa Sanpaolo SpA Romulus Funding Corp. 407 5,622 118 - 6,147 6.40 7,417 82.9

Intesa Sanpaolo SpA

Lloyds Bank plc Cancara Asset Securitisation Ltd. 6,001 - - - 6,001 6.25 11,963 50.2

Bank of Scotland plc

Lloyds TSB Bank plc
Cooperatieve Rabobank U.A. Nieuw Amsterdam Receivables Corp. B.V. 5,150 74 382 - 5,606 5.84 7,436 75.4

Rabobank International, New York Branch

UniCredit Bank AG Arabella Finance Ltd. 928 3,930 19 30 4,907 5.11 6,570 74.7

UniCredit Bank AG

MUFG Bank Ltd. Albion Capital Corporation S.A. 1,798 1,025 506 - 3,329 3.47 7,817 42.6

MUFG Bank Ltd.

Natixis S.A. Managed and Enhanced Tap (Magenta) Funding SAT 601 936 869 - 2,406 2.51 2,961 81.2

Natixis S.A.

HSBC Bank PLC Regency Assets Ltd.(i) 1,590 175 565 - 2,330 2.43 16,006 14.6

HSBC Bank PLC

Commerzbank AG Silver Tower Funding Ltd. 502 1,642 6 29 2,180 2.27 3,427 63.6

Credit Suisse

Landesbank Hessen-Thuringen

DZ Bank AG

Commerzbank AG

The International Islamic Liquidity Management Corporation International Islamic Liquidity Management 2 SA 2,060 - - - 2,060 2.15 2,060 100.0 Multiple support providers/sukuk asses with a minimum A/A-1 rating
ING Bank NV Mont Blanc Capital Corp. 901 258 51 - 1,209 1.26 1,317 91.8

ING Bank N.V.

Landesbank Hessen-Thueringen Girozentrale Opusalpha Funding Ltd. - 847 - - 847 0.88 2,888 29.3

Landesbank Hessen

DZ BANK AG

Titrisation et Finance Internationales General Funding Ltd. - 212 - - 212 0.22 212 100.0

Credit Industriel et Commercial

AIG Financial Products Corp. Curzon Funding Ltd.(ii) - - - - - 0.00 2 0.0

AIG Financial Products Corp.

Nordea Bank AB Viking Asset Securitisation Ltd. - - - - - 0.00 1,135 0.0

Nordea Bank Abp

Total 54,422 33,224 7,946 445 96,037 100.00 138,275
(i)Committed funding amounts include funding via risk participation agreements. (ii)All liabilities are in the form of EMTNS, which are not rated. (iii)Total ABCP outstandings may be either the face amount or discounted value based on the reporting. ABCP--Asset-backed commercial paper. USD--U.S. dollars. EUR--Euro. GBP--British pound sterling.

Appendix 1c

Australia: ABCP Outstanding By Currency And Capacity Utilization By Conduit As Of December 2018
Sponsor/administrator Program AUD USD EUR GBP Others Total ABCP outstanding (mil. USD) Total ABCP outstanding (% of total) Committed funding amounts (mil. USD) Capacity utilization (%)

LF provider

Liberty Financial Liberty Sirius Trust 282 - - - - 282 100 282 100.0

National Australia Bank Ltd.

Westpac Banking Corp. Waratah Securities Australia Ltd.- Callable ABCP - - - - - - - - -

Westpac Banking Corp.

Sydney Capital Corp. Inc. (USD) - - - - - - - - -
Waratah Securities Australia Ltd. - - - - - - - - -
Total 282 - - - - 282 100 282
ABCP--Asset-backed commercial paper. AUD--Australian dollars. USD--U.S. dollars. EUR--Euro. GBP--British pound sterling.

Appendix 2a

U.S.: Asset Types Based On Invested Amount As Of December 2018
Mil. USD
Sponsor/administrator Program Auto Cash and permitted investments CDO Commercial - other Consumer - other Credit card Equipment Mortgage Student loans Trade receivables Other Total
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.
Chariot Funding LLC 10,887 - - 1,219 1,166 799 - 1 3,152 388 - 17,611
Collateralized Commercial Paper Co. LLC - - - - - - - - - - 6,578 6,578
Collateralized Commercial Paper II Co. LLC - - - - - - - - - - 7,816 7,816
Collateralized Commercial Paper III Co. LLC - - - - - - - - - - 3,360 3,360
Collateralized Commercial Paper Flex Co. LLC - - - - - - - - - - - -
Jupiter Securitization Co. LLC 4,381 - - 865 266 349 135 - 803 259 - 7,057
Guggenheim Treasury Services, LLC
Bennington Stark Capital Co. LLC - 1 - 4,486 - - - - - - - 4,487
Cedar Springs Capital Co. LLC 235 169 - 10,753 2,113 613 - - - 117 2,907 16,905
Concord Minutemen Capital Co. LLC 351 440 - 9,833 1,572 508 289 2,249 - 117 330 15,690
Crown Point Capital Co. LLC 231 1,270 - 2,938 2,086 508 353 2,249 124 117 - 9,877
Great Bridge Capital Company, LLC - - - - - - - - - - 316 316
Legacy Capital Co. LLC - 0 - 100 - - - - - 458 - 558
Lexington Parker Capital Co. LLC - 468 - 2,863 150 - - - - - - 3,481
Ridgefield Funding Co. LLC (Series A) - 0 - - - - - - - - 6,052 6,053
Ridgefield Funding Co. LLC (Series B) - 0 - - - - - - - - 504 505
White Plains Capital Company, LLC - 0 - - - - - - - - 602 602
Royal Bank of Canada
Bedford Row Funding Corp - - - - - - - - - - 12,423 12,423
Old Line Funding LLC 5,319 - - - 1,019 1,750 702 - 1,170 567 358 10,885
Thunder Bay Funding LLC 3,057 - - 334 231 1,247 143 - 491 770 1,052 7,327
Citibank N.A. New York, NY
CAFCO LLC 2,003 - - 1,200 269 404 153 - 252 322 889 5,493
CRC Funding LLC 1,906 - - 1,243 509 579 248 - 471 - 651 5,607
Charta LLC 2,238 - - 873 303 366 346 - 187 - 876 5,189
Ciesco LLC 1,257 - - 497 - 125 - - - 89 402 2,370
Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd., New York branch
Victory Receivables Corp. 3,125 - - - - 256 487 - - 2,790 - 6,658
Gotham Funding Corp. 1,386 - - 604 - 615 266 - - 3,268 302 6,441
Credit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank
La Fayette Asset Securitization LLC 1,474 - - 243 - - - - - 292 224 2,233
Atlantic Asset Securitization LLC 2,966 - - 1,093 - - 747 34 - 4,618 - 9,457
FMS Wertmanagement Anstalt des oeffentlichen Rechts Kells Funding, LLC - - - - - - - - - - 10,817 10,817
Barclays Bank PLC
Salisbury Receivables Company LLC 108 - 158 70 40 - 51 948 220 - - 1,595
Sheffield Receivables Company LLC 3,703 - - - 425 329 373 837 809 228 99 6,803
Sunderland Receivables S.A. - - - - - - - - - - - -
Societe Generale Barton Capital LLC 3,196 - - - 607 419 652 - 302 200 1,468 6,844
Bank of Nova Scotia Liberty Street Funding LLC 3,008 - - 41 37 400 344 - - 1,851 574 6,255
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp. Manhattan Asset Funding Co. LLC 3,354 - - 988 - 115 236 - - 1,417 - 6,111
Credit Suisse AG Alpine Securitization LTD - - - - - - - - - - 5,720 5,720
BNP Paribas Starbird Funding Corp. 1,568 - - 87 1,269 606 - - - 268 464 4,262
Bank of Montreal Fairway Finance Co. LLC 2,212 - - - - - 411 - 757 264 59 3,703
Natixis Financial Products Inc. Versailles Commercial Paper LLC 223 - - 1,806 - - - - - 67 664 2,760
Cantor Fitzgerald, L.P. Institutional Secured Funding (Jersey) Limited - - - - - - - - - - - -
20 Gates Management LLC MountCliff Funding LLC - 40 - 329 26 - 140 - - - 1,536 2,070
Berkadia Commercial Mortgage LLC Welsh Road Funding LLC - - - - - - - 1,472 - - - 1,472
DZ BANK AG Deutsche Zentral-Genossenschaftsbank Autobahn Funding Co. LLC - - - 508 57 - 99 - 54 60 467 1,247
Cooperative Association of Tractor Dealers Inc. DCAT, LLC - - - - - - 1,147 - - - - 1,147
Bunge Limited Bunge Asset Funding Corp. - - - - - - - - - - - -
Total 58,188 2,390 158 42,973 12,145 9,987 7,324 7,789 8,792 18,526 67,511 235,783
CDO--Collateralized debt obligation.

Appendix 2b

EMEA: Asset Investment Based On Asset Types As Of December 2018
Mil. USD
Sponsor/administrator Program Auto Cash and permitted investments CDO Commercial - other Consumer - other Credit card Equipment Mortgage Student loans Trade receivables Other Total
Credit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank LMA S.A./LMA Americas LLC 2,120 - - - 541 - - - - 16,234 - 18,896
BSN Holdings Ltd./BSN Capital Partners Ltd. Chesham Finance Ltd. - - - 2,806 - - - - - - - 2,806
Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series I) - - - 100 - - - - - - - 100
Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series II) - - - 972 - - - - - - - 972
Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series III) - - - 1,844 - - - - - - - 1,844
Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series IV) - - - 600 - - - - - - - 600
Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series V) - - - 661 - - - - - - - 661
Chesham Finance Ltd. (Series VI) - - - 728 - - - - - - - 728
Ebury Finance Ltd. - - - 1,576 - - - - - - - 1,576
Halkin Finance PLC - - - 1,614 - - - - - - - 1,614
BNP Paribas Matchpoint Finance PLC 3,280 - - 912 269 869 763 34 - 4,370 - 10,497
Societe Generale Antalis S.A. 1,906 - - 385 345 423 241 303 - 6,046 177 9,826
Northcross Capital Management Ltd. Anglesea Funding PLC - 2 - 6,740 - - - - - - - 6,742
Glencove Funding DAC - - - 579 - - - - - - - 579
Longship Funding DAC - - - 1,259 - - - - - - - 1,259
Intesa Sanpaolo SpA Romulus Funding Corp. 1,032 - - - 436 - - 118 - 3,790 785 6,161
Lloyds Bank plc Cancara Asset Securitisation Ltd. 4,506 852 - 607 266 309 - 837 - 2,089 114 9,581
Cooperatieve Rabobank U.A. Nieuw Amsterdam Receivables Corp. B.V. 459 - - - 180 - 173 - - 4,434 302 5,549
UniCredit Bank AG Arabella Finance Ltd. 3,059 - - - 520 - 196 - - 2,278 - 6,053
MUFG Bank Ltd. Albion Capital Corporation S.A. 3,819 - - - 92 18 123 - - 1,146 549 5,747
Natixis S.A. Managed and Enhanced Tap (Magenta) Funding SAT 292 - - - 62 - - 490 - 1,425 137 2,405
HSBC Bank PLC Regency Assets Ltd. 3,348 - - 64 1,363 64 496 2,938 - 2,816 - 11,089
Commerzbank AG Silver Tower Funding Ltd. 1,456 - - - 57 - - - - 1,914 - 3,427
The International Islamic Liquidity Management Corporation International Islamic Liquidity Management 2 SA - - - - - - - - - - 2,060 2,060
ING Bank NV Mont Blanc Capital Corp. 375 - - - 178 376 - - - 269 - 1,199
Landesbank Hessen-Thueringen Girozentrale Opusalpha Funding Ltd. 1,622 - - - - - 349 - - 710 - 2,681
Titrisation et Finance Internationales General Funding Ltd. - - - 212 - - - - - - - 212
AIG Financial Products Corp. Curzon Funding Ltd. - - - - - - - 1 2 - - 2
Nordea Bank AB Viking Asset Securitisation Ltd. - - - - - - - - - 1,103 - 1,103
Total 27,274 854 - 21,660 4,310 2,058 2,342 4,721 2 48,624 4,124 115,969
CDO--Collateralized debt obligation.

Appendix 2c

Australia: Asset Investment Based On Asset Types As Of December 2018
Mil. USD
Sponsor/administrator Program Residential mortgages - prime Residential mortgages - subprime Auto/equipment loans/leases Credit card receivables Trade receivables RMBS - prime SME Temporary cash holding Total
Liberty Financial Liberty Sirius Trust - 269 - - - - - 4 273
Westpac Banking Corp. Waratah Securities Australia Ltd.- Callable ABCP - - - - - - - - -
Sydney Capital Corp. Inc. (USD) - - - - - - - - -
Waratah Securities Australia Ltd. - - - - - - - - -
Total - 269 - - - - - 4 273
RMBS--Residential Mortgage Backed Securities. SME--Small and Medium Enterprises.

This report does not constitute a rating action.

Primary Credit Analysts:Dev C Vithani, New York + 1 (212) 438 1714;
dev.vithani@spglobal.com
Matthew S Mitchell, CFA, London (44) 20-7176-8581;
matthew.mitchell@spglobal.com
Justin Rockman, Melbourne (61) 3-9631-2183;
justin.rockman@spglobal.com
Toshiaki Shimizu, Tokyo (81) 3-4550-8302;
toshiaki.shimizu@spglobal.com
Secondary Contacts:Ildiko Szilank, New York (1) 212-438-2614;
ildiko.szilank@spglobal.com
Florent Stiel, Paris (33) 1-4420-6690;
florent.stiel@spglobal.com
Research Contributors:Vidhya Venkatachalam, CFA, CRISIL Global Analytical Center, an S&P Global Ratings affiliate, Mumbai
Deepika More, CRISIL Global Analytical Center, an S&P affiliate, Mumbai
Vanessa M Martinez, New York + 1 (212) 438 1415;
vanessa.martinez@spglobal.com

No content (including ratings, credit-related analyses and data, valuations, model, software, or other application or output therefrom) or any part thereof (Content) may be modified, reverse engineered, reproduced, or distributed in any form by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC or its affiliates (collectively, S&P). The Content shall not be used for any unlawful or unauthorized purposes. S&P and any third-party providers, as well as their directors, officers, shareholders, employees, or agents (collectively S&P Parties) do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, timeliness, or availability of the Content. S&P Parties are not responsible for any errors or omissions (negligent or otherwise), regardless of the cause, for the results obtained from the use of the Content, or for the security or maintenance of any data input by the user. The Content is provided on an “as is” basis. S&P PARTIES DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, FREEDOM FROM BUGS, SOFTWARE ERRORS OR DEFECTS, THAT THE CONTENT’S FUNCTIONING WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, OR THAT THE CONTENT WILL OPERATE WITH ANY SOFTWARE OR HARDWARE CONFIGURATION. In no event shall S&P Parties be liable to any party for any direct, indirect, incidental, exemplary, compensatory, punitive, special or consequential damages, costs, expenses, legal fees, or losses (including, without limitation, lost income or lost profits and opportunity costs or losses caused by negligence) in connection with any use of the Content even if advised of the possibility of such damages.

Credit-related and other analyses, including ratings, and statements in the Content are statements of opinion as of the date they are expressed and not statements of fact. S&P’s opinions, analyses, and rating acknowledgment decisions (described below) are not recommendations to purchase, hold, or sell any securities or to make any investment decisions, and do not address the suitability of any security. S&P assumes no obligation to update the Content following publication in any form or format. The Content should not be relied on and is not a substitute for the skill, judgment, and experience of the user, its management, employees, advisors, and/or clients when making investment and other business decisions. S&P does not act as a fiduciary or an investment advisor except where registered as such. While S&P has obtained information from sources it believes to be reliable, S&P does not perform an audit and undertakes no duty of due diligence or independent verification of any information it receives. Rating-related publications may be published for a variety of reasons that are not necessarily dependent on action by rating committees, including, but not limited to, the publication of a periodic update on a credit rating and related analyses.

To the extent that regulatory authorities allow a rating agency to acknowledge in one jurisdiction a rating issued in another jurisdiction for certain regulatory purposes, S&P reserves the right to assign, withdraw, or suspend such acknowledgement at any time and in its sole discretion. S&P Parties disclaim any duty whatsoever arising out of the assignment, withdrawal, or suspension of an acknowledgment as well as any liability for any damage alleged to have been suffered on account thereof.

S&P keeps certain activities of its business units separate from each other in order to preserve the independence and objectivity of their respective activities. As a result, certain business units of S&P may have information that is not available to other S&P business units. S&P has established policies and procedures to maintain the confidentiality of certain nonpublic information received in connection with each analytical process.

S&P may receive compensation for its ratings and certain analyses, normally from issuers or underwriters of securities or from obligors. S&P reserves the right to disseminate its opinions and analyses. S&P's public ratings and analyses are made available on its Web sites, www.spglobal.com/ratings (free of charge), and www.ratingsdirect.com (subscription), and may be distributed through other means, including via S&P publications and third-party redistributors. Additional information about our ratings fees is available at www.spglobal.com/usratingsfees.

 

Create a free account to unlock the article.

Gain access to exclusive research, events and more.

Already have an account?    Sign in